IS 2700: Code of practice for roofing with wooden shingles

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IS 2700 (1987) : Code of practice for roofing with wooden
shingles [CED 13: Building Construction Practices including
Painting, Varnishing and Allied Finishing]

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PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT

IS ; 2700 - 1 987

( Reaffirmed 2000 )

Indian Standard

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
ROOFING WITH WOODEN SHINGLES

(First Revision)

UDC 692-415-3 : 674'i 14 : 00676

© Copyright 1988

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI U0002

Gr i January 1988

IS : 2700 - 1987

Indian Standard

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
ROOFING WITH WOODEN SHINGLES

(First Revision)

Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee, BDC 13

Chairman
Shri Sushil Kumab

Members
Additional Architect

Joint Director, Architec
ttjre ( Alternate )
Shri P. D. Agarwal

Representing

National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd,
New Delhi

Research, Designs and Standards Organization
( Ministry oi Railways ), Lucknow

Public Works Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow
Superintending Engineer ( Alternate )
Shri B. K. Chakraborty Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd,

New Delhi
Shri V. K. Grover ( Alternate )
Chief Engineer ( Buildings ) Public Works Department, Government

Tamil Nadu, Madras
Superintending Engineer ( Alternate )

Chief Engineer

Superintending Engineer
( S & S ) ( Alternate)
Chief Engineer ( Training )
Superintending Engineer
( Training ) ( Alternate)
Chief Engineer

Dr M.P. Dhir

ShriS. S. Gill

Shri A. V. Gofalkrishna

Maj V. K. Suri ( Alternate )
Shbi M. Kartikayan

Public Works Department, Government
Rajasthan, Jaipur

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

of
of

of

Public Works Department, Government

Arunachal Pradesh
Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ),

New Delhi
Public Works Department, Government of Punjab,

Chandigarh
Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters,

New Delhi

Builder's Association of Iridia, New Delhi

( Continued on page 2 )

© Copyright 1988

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957 ) and

reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the

publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

IS : 2700 - 1987

( Continued from page 1 )

Members Representing

Shri R. L. Kumar Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi

Shri V. C. Patwardhan ( Alternate )
Shri R. C. Mangal Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ) ,

Roorkee

Shri M. P. Jaisingh ( Alternate )
Shri H. N. Mishra Forest Research Institute & Colleges, Dehra Dun

Shri K. S. Prttthi ( Alternate )
Shri M. N. Rajakaman Raman Brother*, Madras

Shri A. S. Vasan ( Alternate )
Shri S. G. Ranadivk Indian Institute of Architects, Bombay

Shri Rummy Shroff ( Alternate)
Shri T. S. Ratnam Bureau of Public Enterprises ( Ministry of Finance ),

New Delhi

Shri P. R, Kalra ( Alternate )
Representative Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay

Representative Hindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi

Shri H. S. Pasricha ( Alternate )
Representative National Industrial Development Corporation Ltd,

New Delhi

Shri G. B. Jahagirdar ( Alternate )
Shri P. K. Sinqha Roy State Bank of India, Bombay

Shri K. S. Srinivasan National Buildings Organization, New Delhi

Deputy Director ( Alternate )
Shri K. Balbir Singh Life Insurance Corporation of India, Bombay

Shri M. V. Bhide ( Alternate )
Shri S. R. Tambe Public Works and Housing Department ( PWD ),

Bombay
Shri B. T. Unwalla The Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta

Shri G. Raman, Director General, BIS ( Ex-qffido Member )

Director ( Civ Engg )

Secretary

Shri A. K. Saini
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS

Timber Engineering Subcommittee, BDC 13:4

Convener
Shri H. N. Mishra Forest Research Institute and College?, Dehra Dun

M$mbers

Shri K. S. Prttthi ( Alternate to
Shri H.N. Mishra)
Shri A. N.Bajaj In personal capacity ( BCJ5C, DDA Flats, Munirka,

New Delhi )
Shri A. Datta Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR )

Roorkee
Dr Y. Singh ( Alternate )

( Continued on page 13 )

IS : 2700 - 1987

Indian Standard

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
ROOFING WITH WOODEN SHINGLES

(First Revision)

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau
of Indian Standards on 27 May 1987, after the draft finalized by Build-
ing Construction Practices Sectional Committee had been approved by
the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0*2 Wooden shingles are short, thin, rectangular pieces of timber,
usually tapering in thickness along the grain, used in the same way as
tiles for covering roofs of buildings. Thickness of shingles ordinarily
reduces from tail ( butt ) to head.

Wooden shingles are used for pitched roofs in some of the Himalayan
regions of India, such as, Jammu and Kashmir, North Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh and Assam, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where suitable
species of timber for such shingles are available. Shingles are nailed to
the battens and arranged generally in a number of courses overlapping
each other so as to ensure leak-proof drainage. There are several
precautions with regard to the manufacture of the shingles and details
of workmanship in roof construction with them for obtaining satisfactory
performance. This standard is intended to provide the necessary guid-
ance in this type of work. The provisions of the standard are largely
based on the data furnished by the Forest Research Institute and Colleges,
Dehra Dun and also the constructional practices presently being adopted
in this country.

0.3 This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provisions
relating to roofing with wooden shingles, and it does not include all the
necessary provisions of a contract.

0.4 This standard was published in 1964. The revision has been under-
taken to incorporate the necessary modifications as a result of experience
gained during the use of this standard. The modifications include
additional design considerations and changes in the list of timber species
suitable for shingles.

IS : 2700 - 1987

0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accord-
ance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard covers the design aspects and techniques of laying and
maintenance of wooden shingles for roof covering including their specifi-
cations.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, definitions given in IS : 707-1976f
and the following shall apply.

2.1 Breaking Joints — The method of staggering of shingles in order
to avoid continuous vertical joints by providing end lap and side lap.

2.2 Butt End — The exposed end of a shingle.

2.3 Edge Distance — Dimensions taken from the centre of the extreme
nail to the edge of the member ( see Fig. 1 ).

2*4 Edge Grained Timber — Quarter or radial sawn timber.

2.5 Hip — A salient angle formed by the intersection of two inclined
roof surface.

2.6 Lap — The distance by which one shingle overlaps an adjacent
shingle, when measured course-over-course, will be termed as 'end lap';
and when measured edge-over-edge of the shingle, will be termed as
'side lap'.

2.7 Purlin — Structural members spanning between pitched roof
trusses or partition walls and transmitting the weight of the roof cover-
ings to the trusses or partition walls. They are placed or framed into
the truss in such a manner that one of the major axis of the purlin is
parallel to the slope of the roof.

2.8 Rafters

2.8.1 Common Rafters — The structural members which form the
principal framework for the slopes of the roof and support the reepers or
boarding which carry the roof covering.

♦Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised).

fGlossary of terms applicable to timber technology and utilization ( second revision ).

IS : 2709 - 1987

-WOODEN RIDGE

WOODEN RAFTER

-THICKNESS OF
TWO SHINGLES
(THICKER END)

ENLARGED SECTION X*

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fig. 1 Typical Detail Showing Roofing with Wooden Shingles

IS : 2700 - 1987

2.8.2 Hip Rafters — The structural members of the roof at the
intersection of the two roof surfaces forming a hip.

2.8.3 Valley Rafters — The structural members of the roof at the
rea.isuction of the two roof surfaces forming a valley.

2.8.4 Jack Rafters — The rafters that are shorter than the common
rafter running from a hip to the eaves or from a ridge to the valley, and
cut against the hip and ridge.

2.9 Reeper or Batten — Horizontal timber members of small section
on which shingles are to be supported.

2.10 Roofing Boards — A layer of wooden boards laid between the
rafter and the shingled roof so as to provide a base and an undercover
to the roofing to improve its functional performance.

2.11 Roofing Sheets — Any metallic sheet, preferably galvanized steel,
corrugated or plain.

2.12 Sawn Timber — Timber that is obtained in required sections by

sawing.

2.13 Shingle — Thin, flat, tapering rectangular piece of wood used as
a roofing tile.

2.14 bhingle Exposure — The exposed length of the shingle as laid on
the roof.

2.15 Split Wood — A wooden piece which is obtained by splitting a
larger block along the grain.

2.16 Valley — The re-entrant angle formed by the intersection of two
inclined roof surfaces.

3. NECESSARY INFORMATION

3.1 For efficient planning and execution of the work, the following
information is necessary:

a) Surface area to be covered;

b) Type of supporting elements and restrictions, if any, to their
arrangements;

c) Provision for slope and other requirements for drainage;

d) Provision for fixing ridge pieces;

e) Species and grading of timber used;

f) Moisture content of timber; and

g) Details of pre-treatment.

IS : 2700 - 1987

4. MATERIALS

4.1 Wooden Shingles — The wooden shingles shall conform to the
requirement specified in Appendix A,

4.2 Nails— Nails shall conform to IS : 723-1972*. Preferably rust-
resistant or hot-dipped galvanized nails shall be used. For use in fixing
of wooden shingles, nails shall be of 200 or 224 mm shank diameter and
length 40 mm depending upon the species. Subsidiary battens shall be
fixed to main battens by 2*80 or 3*15 mm diameter, 60 mm long nails
which, in turn, be suitably fixed to puriin/rafter, etc, as the case may be.

Note — Higher diameter nails may be used for dense species of wood.

4.3 Timber for Battens and Rafters — This shall conform to the
requirements for structural timbers specified in IS : 3629-1 986f. The
timber shall be preservative treated in accordance with IS : 401-1982*.

5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 General — Wooden shingles may be supported on battens over
purlins and rafters, over-roofing sheets, or overtimber roofing boards.
In case of low pitched roofs, particularly in areas of high winds, it will
be necessary to have an underlay of roofing sheets or timber roofing
boards. In areas of heavy rainfall and in very damp climates, however,
spaced roofing boards may preferably be used to permit quicker drying
of the underside of the shingles.

The provision of an undercover for the roof will not only add
insulation and water proofing but will also prevent debries and insects
from falling in. The mass of wooden shingles along with subsidiary
battens only shall generally range from 22 to 50 kg/m 2 for all design
purposes, depending upon the timber species used.

5.1.1 Weather Resistance — One of the essential requirements of a
shingle roof covering will be to drain away rain water and effectively
prevent its ingress into the structure below. The overlapping of shingles
as well as the lying technique shall ensure that the joints are leakproof.
Such a roof shall also have an effective roof drainage system which will
quickly drain off the rainwater. A proper layout of roof gutters and
down pipes for the roof surface as a whole will thus be necessary.

5.1.2 No gutter or rain water pipe shall discharge water from one
roof to another, unless the discharge is from a small area such as 'dormer*.
For detailed information relating to the disposal of rain water from
roofs, reference shall be made to IS : 2527-l984§. If a valley gutter is

♦Specification for steel countersunk head wire nails ( second revision ).
fSpecification for structural timber in building (first revision ).
jCode of practice for preservation of timber ( third revision ).

§Gode of practice for fixing rainwater gutters and downpipes for roof drainage
(first revision ).

7

IS j 2700 -1987

formed by means of sheet metal, the sheet metal shall be taken at least a
distance of 300 mm under the roof on either side of the gutter. Near a
wall the sheet metal constituting valley gutter shall be taken at least
450 mm into the wall and set with cement mortar.

5.2 Pitch — Generally, the pitch of the common rafter or surface on
which shingles are laid shall not be less than 35°. Where abnormal
conditions may be expected, such as, in elevated sites or in areas of heavy
rainfall, this minimum pitch may not ensure full protection to weather,
and pitch shall therefore, be suitably increased.

5.3 Size and Shape of Shingles — Depending upon the spacing of
the battens, wooden shingle sizes may be chosen from 300 to 400 mm for
length and 120 to 150 mm for width. The minimum thickness of the
shingle shall be as shown in Fig. 2.

r1*5

• HORIZONTAL SURFACE

All dimensions in millimetres.

Fig. 2 Typical Wooden Shingle

5,3.1 To add to the attractiveness of the finished appearance, the
butt end of the shingles may be cut or shaped to any geometric pattern.

5.4 Spacing of Battens — The spacing of battens, which support the
shingles, shall be equal to about one-third of the length of the shingles,
that is, from 100 to 130 mm ( see Fig. 1 and 3 ).

5,4.1 If necessary, batten length shall be extended only by means of
butt joints, which shall occur only over the rafter. The joints of two
adjacent rows of battens shall not come over the same rafter.

5.5 Overlap for Shingles -

courses deep at every section.
of the length of the shingle.

- The shingle covering shall be at least three
The minimum overlap shall be one-third

IS: 2700 -1987

2 WIRE NAILS
FOR ONE SHINGLE-

STEEL CORRUGATED
SHEETS

MAIN BATTEN

SUBSIDIARY
BATTENS

EAVES BOARD

SUBSIDIARY BATTEN 40x25'
WOODEN SHINGLE

^ 0<6 o. am SHINGLE CUT TO THE
N <>0 PLAN REQUIRED SIZE;

ANGULAR WOODEN -
RIDGE tONE PIECE], J
' L' HOOK -
STEEL CORRUGATED^
SHEETS-

PURLIN

MAIN BATTEN 50x40
WOODEN RAFTER (TRUSS)

SECTIONAL ELEVATION

A — Overlapped Length 2L/3
B — Exposed Length L/3

All dimensions in millimetres.
Note — One piece ridge arrangement of shingles shall be followed for hip ridges
also.

Fig. 3 Typical Detail Showing Roofing with Wooden Shingles
Over GI Corrugated Sheets

9

IS: 2700 -1987

5.6 The spacing of rafters shall not normally exceed 600 mm, unless the
battens are otherwise designed against sagging taking into consideration
the species of timber used and the loads coming over them, in accordance
with IS : 883-1970*.

The sizes of the battens, unless otherwise designed, shall normally
be 50 X 25 mm.

When ceiling board is adopted, the planking shall not b* less than
12 mm thick and shall preferably be tongued and grooved or ploughed
and tongued, and it shall be nailed to the rafters first so as to form a
continuous surface from ridge to eaves and the battens nailed over them.
Alternatively, ceiling boards may be fixed direct to purlins. In this case
the minimum size of the subsidiary battens shall not be less than 40 X
25 mm, fixed at suitable distances apart to suit the shingle size and spacing.
The maximum spacing of rafters may not exceed 750 mm in any case.

5.7 Wooden shingles shall be given fire retardant treatment by pressure
impregnation with chemicals. The following chemicals are generally used
for treatment:

a) Ammonium mono-phosphate,

b) Ammonium di-phosphate,

c) Sodium arsenate, and

d) Sodium tetraborate.

6. LAYING OF SHINGLES

6.1 Each wooden shingle shall be fastened to the battens by two nails
( see Fig. 1 and 3 ).

6.2 The distance of the nails from the butt end of the shingle being
nailed shall be equal to the shingle exposure plus 10 to 15 mm.

6.3 The edge distance of the nails from the sides of the shingles shall be
not more than 20 mm.

6.4 The nail shall be driven flush, but not so hard that may crush or
split the wood.

6.5 Each course of wooden shingles shall be overlapped by another
course such that only one-third of the length of the shingle in the lower
course is left uncovered; the remaining two-third length shall be overlap-
ped. Except for the bottom two courses, the wooden shingle shall be
three course deep throughout the roof area.

*Code of practice for design of structural timber in building ( third revision ).

IS : 2700 - 1987

6.6 In each horizontal course, the shingles shall be laid 3 to 6 mm apart
to allow for swelling, when wet.

6.7 Each horizontal course of wooden shingles shall break joints with
two courses above and two courses below it.

6.8 The gaps between wooden shingles in each course shall be off set
at least 40 mm centre-to-centre from the corresponding gaps between the
shingles in the course above The two courses of shingles at the eaves
shall also be break-jointed.

6.9 The first shingle course laid in double should extend 50 to 60 mm
beyond facia member, if adopted, to prevent the wafer from backing up
underneath the shingles.

7. MAINTENANCE

7»1 Wooden shingle roofing shall be periodically painted ( generally
after every three years ) by a suitable preservative ( see IS : 401-1982* ).
Any decayed shingle and batten shall be replaced in time.

APPENDIX A

( Clause 4.1 )

TIMBER FOR WOODEN SHINGLES

A-l. QUALITY REQUIRED

A-l.l The wood should be durable, that is, heartwood of high decay
resistance and low shrinkage. Dimensional stability, light weight, good
insulating properties, adequates strength, even grain and ability to take
stains, paint or preservative are desirable attributes. Shingles used in
any one roof shall be of the same size. The following species of timbers
may be used for wooden shingles depending upon the local availability:

Trade Name

Fir

Mundani

Haldu

Semul

Didu

Indian chestnut

Deodar

♦Code of practice for preservation of timber ( third revision ).

n

SlNo.

Botanical N>

1.

2.
3.

4.

Abies pindrow
Acrocarpus fraxinifoUus
Adina cordifolia
Bombax ceiba

5.
6.
7.

B. insignea
Castanopsis sp.
Cedrus deodar a

IS:

2700 - 1987

SlNo.

Botanical Name

Trade Name

8.

Ckrysopkyllum roxburghii

Star apple

9.

Cupressus torulosa

Cypress

10.

Hopea odorata

Thingan

11.

Lagers troemia hypoleuca

Pyinma

12.

Palaquim ellipticm ( syn.

Dichopsis elliptica )

Pali

13.

Pinus roxburghii

Chir

14.

Pinus wallichiana

Kail

15.

Pierocarpus dalbergiodes

Padauk

16.

Qiiercus lamellosa

Oak

17.

Taxus baccata

Yew

18.

Tectona grandis

Teak

19.

Xylia dolabriformis ( Xyii

'a Xylocarpa )

Irul

Shingles may be of sawn or

split wood.

A-2. Timber for making wooden shingle shall be of Grade 2 in
accordance with IS : 1331-1971*. This grade is also referred to as
'Standard' in some Indian Standards. Only heartwood and edge grained
timber shall be used for the wooden shingles.

A-3. MOISTURE CONTENT

A-3.1 Normally, only timber seasoned to moisture content in accordance
with IS : 287-1973f shall be used.

A-4. Wooden shingles shall be preservative-treated in accordance with
IS : 401-1982?.

♦Specification for cut sizes of timber ( second revision ).

f Recommendations for maximum permissible moisture content for timber used for
different purposes ( second revision ) .

{Code of practice for preservation of timber ( third revision ).

12

IS : 2700 - 1987

( Continued j ram page 2 )

Members Representing

Shri V. N. Deshfande Engineer-in-Chief 's Branch, Army Headquarters,

New Delhi
Shri S. K. Gupta. ( Alternate )
Deputy Director Standards Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways ), New Delhi
(B& S)

Assistant Director ( B & S ) ( Alternate )
Director Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute,

Bangalore
Shri H. N. Jagadeesh ( Alternate )
Dr C. D. Dwivedi Research & Development Organization ( Ministry

of Defence )» New Delhi
Shri R. A. Panse ( Alternate )
Shri P. N. Gadi Institution of Surveyores, New Delhi

Shri P. C, Gandhi PVM Processed Timber ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Shri Ah and P. Gandhi ( Alternate )
Shri J. Sen Gupta National Buildings Organization, New Delhi

Shri A. K. Lal ( Alternate )
Shri E. Kurien Mathew Public Works Department, Government of Kerala,

Trivandrum
Representative Hindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi

Shri H. S. Pasricha ( Alternate )
Senior Deputy Chief Engineer Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
( Buildings ) Nadu, Madras

Executive Engineer ( Alternate )
Superintending Surveyor of Central Public Works Department ( Architecture
Works ( CZ ) Wing ) New Delhi

Surveyor of Works ( CZ ) ( Alternate )
Superintending Engineer Public Works Department, Government of Madhya

( Planning ) Pradesh, Bhopal

Seri J. K. Visaria Pest Control ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Shri T. R. Rao ( Alternate )

13

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS ( SI UNITS )

Base Units

Quantity

Length

Mass

Time

Electric current

Thermodynamic
temperature

Luminous intensity

Amount of substance

Supplementary Units

QUANTITY

Plane angle
Solid angle

Derived Units

Quantity

Force

Energy

Power

Flux

Flux density

Frequency

Electric conductance

Electromotive force

Pressure, stress

Unit

Symbol

metre

m

kilogram

kg

second

s

ampere

A

kelvin

K

candela

cd

mole

mol

Unit

Symbol

radian

rad

steradian

sr

Unit

Symbol

newton

N

joule

J

watt

W

weber

Wb

tesla

T

hertz

Hz

Siemens

S

volt

V

pascal

Pa

Definition

1 kg.m/s a
1 N.m

1 N :
1 J

1 W = 1 J/s

lWb-1 V.s
1 T = 1 Wb/m*
1 Hz = 1 c/sCs" 1 )
1 S = 1 A/V
1 V = 1 W/A
1 Pa = 1 N/m*

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